[Prevalence of obesity and some associated factors among 8-12 year old boy students in Shiraz]

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity and some associated factors among boy students, aged 8 to 12 years in Shiraz. This cross-sectional study was performed on 478 [male] students, 8-12 years old. The subjects were selected via a step wise random sampling. Height and weight of the subjects were measured by standard methods and body mass index [BMI] was calculated. Overweight and obesity were defined based on the 85th and 95th percentiles of BMI for age and sex, respectively, as proposed by Center for Disease Control [CDC]. Physical fitness level and family conditions were collected by a standard Baecke questionnaire. The prevalence of obesity, overweight and underweight in 8-12 year old students were 7.1%, 11.9% and 14.8% respectively. Results showed that there were inverse relationships between BMI and age and the parent's education [P<0.05]. On the other hand, although BMI had positive associations with the time spent watching TV, fast food consumption, time spent on exercise and walking during a week, they were not achieve statistically significant. The lower the level of parent's education, the more the increase in student's BMI, findings which emphasize the need for awareness about childhood obesity complications among parents

[ case of acute retinal necrosis following herpetic encephalitis]

To report a case of acute retinal necrosis following herpetic encephalitis. A 25-year-old male presented with pain and visual loss in his left eye. He had herpetic encephalitis 1 month prior to the visual symptoms. Ophthalmologic examination and paraclinical evaluation disclosed acute retinal necrosis. Herpetic encephalitis may be a risk factor for acute retinal necrosis. The virus may reach the eye by transaxonal route

[Endogenous klebsiella endophthalmitis associated with liver abscess]

To report a case of endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis associated with liver abscess in Iran. A 79 year old man was referred with chief complaint of left eye pain and visual loss. The patient had conjunctival hyperemia, corneal edema, hypopyon and severe vitreous cellular reaction in the left eye and yellowish conjunctival discoloration which was apparent in the right eye. Abdominal CT scan revealed a right liver lobe abscess that underwent percutaneous liver biopsy under sonography guide. Blood, vitreous and liver mass cultures revealed Klebsiella Pneumonia growth. The patient was diagnosed as a case of endogenous Klebsiella endophthalmitis secondary to bacteremia associated with liver abscess. This report suggests that rather than being confined to Far East, endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to liver abscess due to Klebsiella pneumonia may be a global problem

Causes and anatomical site of blindness and severe visual loss in Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran

This study in 2005 evaluated the causes and major anatomical site of blindness and severe visual loss at a school for blind children in Isfahan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. All 211 students were examined according to the modified WHO/PBL eye examination record: 70.4% were blind, 24.3% had severe visual loss and 5.3% were visually impaired. The major causes of abnormality were hereditary factors [42.7%], prenatal/ neonatal [18.5%] and unknown etiology [35.5%]. The main sites of abnormality were the retina [62.6%], whole globe [17.5%], lens [7.1%] and optic nerve [7.1%]. A high proportion of parents were in a consanguineous marriage [49.2%]. The pattern of blindness in Isfahan encompasses characteristics of both developed and developing countries

Typical laryngeal carcinoid tumor: a case report

Neuroendocrine tumors of the larynx comprise a rare group of tumors categorized as typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, small-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and paragangliomas. Atypical carcinoid type occasionally denotes carcinoid syndrome. Typical carcinoid is extremely rare. The primary diagnosis is based on light histochemical studies that should be confirmed by immunocytological and/or ultrastuctural investigation. The different biological behaviors of these tumors lead to a specific diagnosis of paramount importance

[Fortified cefazolin-gentamicin versus fortified vancomycin-ceftazidime drops for treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers]

To compare the efficacy of treatment with fortified cefazolin-gentamicin versus fortified vancomycin-ceftazidime eye drops for treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers. A double-blind clinical trial was performed on 89 patients with bacterial corneal ulcers who were referred to Feiz Hospital, Isfahan, Iran from 2004 to 2005. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: one group included 41 patients who received fortified cefazolin-gentamicin eye drops and the other group included 48 patients who received fortified vancomycin-ceftazidime eye drops. Patients were evaluated in terms of time for re-epithelization, reduction of stromal infiltration and reduction in anterior chamber inflammation as well as culture results and drug complications. The patients included 57 [64%] male and 32 [36%] female subjects. Cultures were negative in 46%. Re-epithelization time was 13.2 +/- 3.1 days in the cefazolin-gentamicin group and 9.6 +/- 2.7 days in the vancomycin-ceftazidime group [P=0.01]. Time for reduction of stromal infiltration and corneal ulcer treatment was 17.7 +/- 4.3 days in the cefazolin-gentamicin group vs 13.8 +/- 3.6 days in the vancomycin-ceftazidime group [P=0.04]. The most common complaint of patients was eye burning in 73.1% of cases in the cefazolin-gentamicin group and 62.9% of cases in the vancomycin-ceftazidime group [P=0.007]. Fortified vancomycin-ceftazidime eye drops are more effective than fortified cefazolin-gentamicin eye drops for the treatment of bacterial corneal ulcers and seem to entail fewer adverse effects

[Specifity and sensitivity of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of retinal detachment with vitreous hemorrhage]

To evaluate the specifity and sensitivity of ocular sonography in the diagnosis of retinal detachment in the presence of vitreous hemorrhage. This cross-sectional study included 47 [23 right eyes and 24 left eyes] eyes of 47 patients [18 male and 29 female subjects] with vitreous hemorrhage suspected of retinal detachment requiring surgery. Preoperative ocular sonography was compared with intraoperative findings to determine the sensitivity and specifity of ocular sonography. Mean age of the patients was 43.8+23.1 years [range 4 months to 81 years]. Causes of vitreous hemorrhage included trauma in 20 eyes [42.6%], diabetes mellitus in 9 eyes [19.1%], hypertension in 6 eyes [12.8%], following cataract surgery in 3 eyes [6.4%], following penetrating keratoplasty in one eye [2.1%] and unknown in 8 eyes [17.1%]. Visual acuity was counting fingers in 2 [4%], hand motion in 12 [27%] and light perception in 31 [69%] eyes. The diagnostic data of sonography were as follows: sensitivity 87.5%, specifity 64.5%, accuracy 72.4%, positive predictive value 56% and negative predictive value 90.9%. Ocular sonography is a useful diagnostic tool for evaluation of retinal detachment in patients with vitreous hemorrhage

[Evaluation of ophthalmologists' sitting position]

To evaluate ophthalmologists' sitting position during ocular examination and surgery and to evaluate any correlation between musculoskeletal disorders and mean work time. This cross-sectional study was performed on ophthalmologists in Isfahan, Iran in different occupational positions including the office, during slitlamp examination and in the operating room. The evaluation included neck angle, lumbar lordosis, pelvic angle and the position of lower leg and foot. Ophthalmologists were asked about spinal and shoulder pains and mean work time in the office and operating room. Among 73 studied ophthalmologists [including 60 male and 13 female subjects], there were malpositions in neck angle in 43 [58.9%], lumbar lordosis in 36 [49.3%], hip angle in 9 [12.3%], lower leg in 49 [67.1%] and foot in 31 [42.4%] cases. Among 62 ophthalmologists who performed surgery there were malpositions in neck angle in 38 [61.3%], lumbar lordosis in 38 [61.3%], hip angle in 2 [37.1%], knee angle in 43 [69.4%] and foot in 44 [71.0%] cases. There was a significant correlation between spinal pains and mean work time in the office [P=0.02] and operating room [P=0.01]. According to the correlation between spinal pains and work time, it is necessary to educate ophthalmologists for correct sitting position during work

[Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of cystoid macular edema due to retinitis pigmentosa; a case report]

To report treatment with intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide [IVTA] in a patient with cystoid macular edema [CME] secondary to retinitis pigmentosa [RP]. A 22-year-old male patient with RP presented with progressive visual loss. Visual acuity was 9/10 in the right eye and 10/10 in the left eye without refractive error. Examination revealed CME in the right eye. After failure of treatment with oral acetazolamide and reduction of visual acuity to 6/10, intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone acetonide was performed in the right eye. Six weeks later, macular edema resorbed and visual acuity improved to 10/10. IVTA may be useful for selected cases of CME related to retinitis pigmentosa. Further study on a larger number of patients is warranted to assess the efficacy of this treatment

[ histological study of the effect of hyaluronic acid and curcuma longa-ghee compound on the gingival healing following gingivectomy in dogs]

Currently, hyaluronic acid is used to reduce the side effects of periodontal surgery including hemorrhage, inflammation and pain and accelerate the healing process of the wound. Oral or local application of Ghee can be relatively effective in enhancement of the wound healing process. The present study was performed with the aim of comparing the effects of hyaluronic acid with curcuma longa- ghee on the healing process of gingival tissue following ginivectomy. In a double blind controlled randomized experimental study, 5 male beagle dogs, 18 to 24 months old [approximately 15 kg], with intact teeth and clinical signs of gingivitis with similar Gingival Index [GI] and no periodontitis, were used. In each Jaw, two regions were randomly selected as control and six regions as test groups. Following gingivectomy periodontal packs were used in the control groups and three materials including curcuma longa-ghee with two different ratios [material A and material B] and hyaluronic acid [material C] were used in the test groups Histological changes were evaluated 4 and 7 days after gingivectomy in order to assess the healing process. Data were analyzed using Kruskal Wallis test. Significant statistical differences were found in all parameters for the three materials used in experimental groups compared with control groups. On the fourth day, the inflammatory parameters decreased and repairing parameters increased remarkably in the regions with materials A and B compared to those with material C, while the difference in the degree of epithelialization was statistically meaningful [p = 0.002]. On the seventh day, the inflammatory parameters decreased and repairing parameters increased remarkably in the material B regions compared to the regions on which materials A and C were placed. According to the above results, curcuma longa-ghee is more effective than hyaluronic acid in repairing process and reduction of the inflammation. Therefore, it can be considered as a suitable substitute for accelerating of healing process after periodontal surgery

Formant frequency of Persian Vowels in 18-24 years old university students

This study aimed to investigate first three formants of Persian language among 18- 24 years old university students. In a descriptive and cross-sectional study, 60 students [30 males and 30 females] aged 18-24 years were selected from school of Persian language and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. The data were gathered directly by the interviewer; and the Persian vowel producing test was performed on the samples. Then first, second, and third formants of every six vowels were obtained by the Real analysis program of Dr. Speech software and Speech Studio, and their scores were recorded in the table, and investigated finally based on the goals and questions of the study. The greatest mean amount of F1, F2, and F3 were for vowel /?/ 767 Hz, vowel /i/ 2244 Hz, and vowel /i/ 3129 Hz, respectively; and the least amount was for vowel /i/ 255 Hz, /u/ 734 Hz, and /u/ 2317 Hz, respectively, among the male students. The greatest mean amount of F[1], F[2], and F[3] was for vowel /?/ 876 Hz, vowel /i/ 2688 Hz, and vowel /i/ 3339 Hz, respectively; the least amount was for vowel /u/ 376 Hz, /u/ 731 Hz, and /u/ 2412 Hz, respectively, among the female students. The vowels /i/ and /u/ are close and the vowels /?/ and /a/ are open and two vowels /o/ and /e/ are located between these two groups. The vowels /i/, /e/, and /?/ are anterior and vowels /a/, /o/, and /u/ are posterior. The vowels /i/, /?/ are expanded and the vowel /e/ is semiexpanded. The vowels /a/ and /u/ are circular and the vowel /o/ is semi-circular

[Plasma Cell Gingivitis [Case report]]

Plasma cell gingivitis is gingivitis which includes these clinical features: red and loosely gingival enlargement, sometimes is granular that with easy bleeding and usually does not cause attachment loss. In the histologic feature of this lesion there are closed plasma cells in under connective tissue that have extended to the oral epithelium. Causal factors include: allergic factors such as chewing gums, toothpaste, autoimmune reaction, hormonal imbalance and hematologic infiltration. However sometimes there is no clear cause. The aim of this study was case report of plasma cell gingivitis and the way to treat this lesion. The case was a 14 year-old girl whose chief complain was gingival bleeding. In an intra oral examination there was diffused red gingival enlargement in the anterior and right sextants of the jaw. In an extra oral examination there was no significant finding. Hematologic laboratory test was normal. In a radiographic feature, marginal bone loss was not detected and in a histopatologic feature there were acanthotic epithelium with closely infiltration of inflammatory cell with dominant plasma cell in under lamina properia. Surgery was performed by flap method in order to eliminate gingival enlargement and then the patient fallowed during the maintenance phase. In this case there was not any recurrence of the disease during the 6 month fallow up and any special allergic cause related to this patient was not detected. However, this patient was in pubertal age, and there may be a corelation to hormonal imbalance and this is one suggested causal factors

[Efficacy of preoperative topical diclofenac for prevention of post-cataract surgery inflammation]

To evaluate the efficacy of pretreatment with diclofenac sodium 1% eye drop for prevention of post-cataract surgery ocular inflammation. A double blind clinical trial was performed on 111 patients who were scheduled for phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation [PE+IOL] at Feiz Hospital, Isfahan-Iran. Cases with traumatic cataract and complicated surgery were excluded. Patients were randomly assigned to three groups: [1] controls; [2] treatment with one drop of diclofenac sodium 1% QID one day before surgery; and [3] treatment with one drop of diclofenac sodium 1% QID for three days preoperatively. All eyes received topical steroid and antibiotic, postoperatively. Postoperative anterior chamber [AC] reaction, ocular pain, burning, red eye, atonic mydriasis and intraocular pressure were evaluated on days 1, 3, 14 and 30. The study included 70 male and 41 female subjects with mean age of 61.03+8.35 years. Ocular pain was significantly more prevalent and severe in controls compared to other groups on postoperative days 1, 3 and 14. AC reaction was also more prevalent and severe in controls than the other two groups only on the first postoperative day. The prevalence and severity of red eye on days 1, 14 and 30 postoperatively were higher in controls compared to the two other groups without any difference by the third postoperative day. Eye burning was more prevalent in the control group than the other two groups only on days 1 and 3. The active treatment groups had no difference in terms of the above-mentioned characteristics at any stage; except for AC reaction on the first postoperative day which was more severe in the one-day treatment group compared to the three-day group. There was no significant difference between the three groups regarding relative miosis intraoperatively. Postoperative changes in intraocular pressure were within normal limits in all groups. Pretreatment with diclofenac sodium 1% can reduces the incidence and severity of post-cataract surgery AC reaction, eye burning, red eye and ocular pain, particularly during the first postoperative week

Deep Vitrectomy with and without Silicone Oil in Infectious Endophthalmitis

To evaluate the efficacy of silicone oil injection after deep vitrectomy in infectious endophthalmitis regarding visual acuity. This single-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 50 cases of infectious endophthalmitis undergoing deep vitrectomy. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups: in one group silicone oil was injected into the eye at the end of the operation [silicone group] and in the second group the eye was formed with balanced salt solution [non-silicone group]. All patients were followed for more than six months. The underlying cause of endophthalmitis was cataract surgery in 23 patients [46%], trauma in 20 patients [40%], bleb-associated endophthalmitis in 3 patients [6%], corneal graft in 2 patients [4%] and endogenous in 2 patients [4%]. Mean visual acuity was 2.1 LogMAR in the silicone group and 4.0 LogMAR in the non-silicone group [P< 0.0001]. Silicone oil injection may be beneficial in terms of visual outcomes in deep vitrectomy for infectious endophthalmitis

[Posterior segment complications following laser assisted in situ keratomileusis [LASIK]: a report of 5 cases]

To report complications involving the posterior segment after laser assisted in situ keratomileusis [LASIK] in 5 myopic patients ranging in age from 26 to 38 years. Case on developed bilateral cilioretinal artery obstruction in association with ischemic optic neuropathy. Case two presented with nonsimultaneous bilateral delayed-onset optic neuropathy. In case three, aggravation of the symptoms and signs of Stargardt's maculopathy was noticed. Case four showed rapid progression and worsening of diabetic retinopathy in both her eyes. In case five, early onset unilateral macular hemorrhage was observed. The increased intraocular pressure LASIK surgery may disturb blood flow in posterior ciliary arteries and choroid. The deleterious effect of LASIK on ocular circulation may result in sight threatening complications in predisposed patients

[Effect of captopril on aqueous levels of angiotensin II in diabetic patients]

To determine whether angiotensin II levels in aqueous humor is related to diabetes mellitus and to evaluate the effect of captopril. In a case-control study, aqueous humor samples were obtained during cataract surgery from 58 eyes of 58 patients, of which 37 were diabetic. From these latter subjects, 16 had taken captopril [captopril group] and 21 had not taken nay angiotensin converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitor [non-captopril group]. Angiotensin level was assessed by radimmunoassay. Severity of macular edema was evaluated by clinical examination after surgery. Mann Whitey U test was used to assess the statistical difference of mean angiotensin II and Hb AIIC levels between the groups and Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient was used to evaluate correlation between aqueous levels of angiotensin II and of macular edema. The aqueous levels of angiotensin II was significantly higher in diabetic patients [31.0 +/- 7.3 pg/ml] compared to non-diabetics [6.28 +/- 2.8 pg/ml]. [P<0.0001] Aqueous concentration of angiotensin II in the captopril group [16.3 +/- 6.5 ug/ml] was significantly lower than in the non-captopril group [75.73 +/- 9.36]. [P<0.0003] Severity of macular edema was significantly lower in the captopril group as compared to the non-captopril group such that 68.75% of the captopril groups vs 33.3% of the non-captopril group had macular edema [P<0.005]. These finding suggest that the aqueous level of angiotensin II is significantly correlated with the severity of macular edema and may have a role in pathogenesis of macular edema in diabetic patients. It seems that modulation of the rennin-angiotensin system may become a very important target for medical treatment in patients with diabetic macular edema

Clinical comparison of the prevalence and type of the periodontal diseases in leukemic patients hospitalized in Tabriz through 2004-2005

Periodontal diseases are common in leukemic patients and in most cases one of the primary diagnostic signs. The aim of this study was clinical comparison of the prevalence and type of the periodontal diseases in leukemic patients in Tabriz hospitals. In this descriptive - analytic study, 70 hospitalized leukemic patients were clinically examined in the city of Tabriz in 2004-2005. The data were collected in a questionnaire designed for this study and were analyzed using chi-square test through SPSS software. There was a significant relationship between leukemia and periodontal diseases either in general or classified into periodontitis and gingivitis [p<0.05]. Although, there was a significant relationship between different types of leukemia and age [p<0.05], sex comparison of patients with different types of leukemia, didn't show a significant relationship. In general evaluation of periodontal disease, there was a significant relationship between periodontal disease and type of leukemia in males [P=0.013], but there was not such a relationship in female patients. In general evaluation of peridontal diseases with different types of leukemia in different age groups in male and female patients, there was a significant relationship [P= 0.00] while. comparing periodontal diseases with the type of leukemia in different age groups, there was a significant relationship only between absence of periodontal disease and the type of leukemia [P=0.00]. With attention to the factors that increase the prevalence of periodontal diseases in leukemic patients, developing prophylactic and appropriate therapeutic strategies are recommended

epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders in Semnan province in year 2001

The burden of psychiatric disorders in the developed countries has been identified by the screening questionnaires and standard clinical interviews at a high level, but the epidemiological studies of psychiatric disorders in Iran are brief and their numbers are few. Planning for providing essential mental health services to the people who requires to be informed about the present status of psychiatric disorders in the society. The objective of this research was to carry out the epidemiological study of the psychiatric disorders in the individuals 18 years and above in urban and rural areas of Semnan province. Two hundred eighty individuals were selected through randomized systematic and clustered sampling methods among the existing families in Semnan province. The clinical psychologist completed the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia [SADS] questionnaires. The diagnosis of the disorders was based on DSM-IV classification criteria. The results of the study showed that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the province was 18.58%, which was 22.14% in the women, and 14.49% in the men, respectively. The anxiety and mood disorders respectively with 8.22% and 5.00% had the higher prevalence in the province. The prevalence of psychotic disorders in this study was 1.78%, neuro-cognitive disorders 2.86 percent and dissociative disorders 0.72%. In the group of mood disorders, major depression with 3.57% and in the group of anxiety disorders, phobic disorder with 2.86% had the higher prevalence. This study showed that 10.71% of individuals suffered from minimum one of the psychiatric disorders. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the province among the individuals in the age group of 41-55 years with 13.85%, individuals whose spouses had passed away 37.50%, residents of urban areas with 13.92%o, individuals with diploma 14.29% and unemployed individuals 28.57% that was more common more than other individuals. By considering of these findings, the responsibility of the health policy makers and programmers is more than before in relation to preparing application and executive plans to prevent and treatment of psychiatric disorders in Semnan province for mental health